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Ítem Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: A pooled analysis of population-based surveys(Elsevier, 2015-09-01) Guerrero, RamiroBackground Vitamin A defi ciency is a risk factor for blindness and for mortality from measles and diarrhoea in children aged 6–59 months. We aimed to estimate trends in the prevalence of vitamin A defi ciency between 1991 and 2013 and its mortality burden in low-income and middle-income countries.
Ítem Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014 : A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants(Elsevier, 2016-04-02) Bennett, James E.; Taddei, Cristina; Fortunato, Léa; Hajifathalian, Kaveh; Riley, Leanne Margaret; Danaei, Goodarz; Bentham, James; Guerrero Carvajal rguerrero@proesa.org.co, Ramiro; Ikeda, Nayu; Di Cesare, Mariachiara; Stevens, Gretchen Anna; Zhou, Bin; Lu, Yuan; Bixby, Honor; Cowan, Melanie J.Background Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries. Methods We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18.5 kg/m2[underweight], 18.5 kg/m2to <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2to <25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2to <30 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2to <35 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2to <40 kg/m2, ≥40 kg/m2[morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue. Findings We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19.2 million adult participants (9.9 million men and 9.3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21.7 kg/m2(95% credible interval 21.3-22.1) in 1975 to 24.2 kg/m2(24.0-24.4) in 2014 in men, and from 22.1 kg/m2(21.7-22.5) in 1975 to 24.4 kg/m2(24.2-24.6) in 2014 in women.Ítem An epidemiologic analysis of diabetes in Colombia(2015-01-01) Casas Figueroa, Luz ÁngelaThe prevalence of diabetes has increased worldwide, leading to a massive social, economic, and health care burden. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 8.3% of the world's population experiences diabetes (382 million people); this figure is expected to rise to >592 million in <25 years, implying ≥175 million undiagnosed cases. Diabetes is most prevalent in the Western Pacific region with 138 million cases, followed by South East Asia with 72 million, Europe with 56 million, North America and the Caribbean with 37 million, the Middle East and Northern Africa with 35 million, South and Central America (SACA) with 24 million, and Africa with 20 million cases.Ítem Neuropatía desmielinizante aguda y crónica(Asociación Colombiana de Neurología, 2010-07-13T21:26:55Z) Takeuchi Tan, YuriEn los últimos años, el concepto de una única neuropatía (polineurorra- diculopatía) desmielinizante se ha ampliado a una serie de síndromes y cuadros clínicos muy variados que resultan confusos al momento de hacer un diagnóstico clínico y electrofisiólogico.Ítem Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants(Elsevier, 2016-04-09) Guerrero Carvajal, RamiroBackground One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age-standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are affecting the number of adults with diabetes. Methods We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Ítem Image analysis in Gomori´s trichrome stain of skeletal muscles subjected to ischemia and reperfusion injury(West Bengal Veterinary ASSOC, 2016-06-01) Florez Elvira, Liliana JanethConditions that produce ischemia and reperfusion injury include orthopedic surgeries, vascular diseases and accidents in remote places in which use of a manual tourniquet is required. Tissues under such stress suffer the consequences of evidenced by changes in their normal microscopic organization that can be reversible or irreversible according to the time and severity of lesion. An experimental model of ischemia has been designed taking into account the characteristics similar to a surgical procedure, from preparation for anesthesia up to the postsurgical follow up of each animal until it finishes the established time of reperfusion. Two muscles, soleus and extensor carpi radialis longus, dissected from Wistar rats that were underwent to short periods of ischemia and short and prolonged periods of reperfusion up to 32 days. There were no significant changes in the macroscopic weight of muscles, but significant differences were found in the area occupied by intramuscular extracellular matrix. During reperfusion, a partial recovery was observed until the last day of study. If we pretend to extrapolate these results to clinical areas, its importance focuses in the recovering of function and the following up of patients after surgical procedures as studied in the present experiment.Ítem Adaptación y establecimiento de un biomodelo para la evaluación de principios activos que inhiban la acetilcolinesterasa(Universidad Icesi, 2014-01-01) Ruiz Martínez, Santiago; Castaño Valencia, Rafael Santiago; Asesor TesisLos anuros constituyen uno de los biomodelos más ampliamente utilizados en la investigación biomédica a lo largo de la historia. Eleutherodactylus johnstonei, una especie nativa de las Antillas Menores, presenta las características favorables que se buscan en un biomodelo, siendo la más importante de estas su pequeño tamaño (17-35 mm). El objetivo de este proyecto fue evaluar la utilidad de E. johnstonei como organismo modelo, en el estudio fisiológico y farmacológico de la unión neuromuscular, por medio del registro del potencial de acción compuesto de nervio ciático y músculo gastrocnemio. El principal interés fue evaluar la viabilidad del biomodelo en la investigación de moléculas que inhiban la acetilcolinesterasa. Para esto, fue necesario adaptar las técnicas convencionales de estudio de la unión neuromuscular, incluyendo la instrumentación necesaria, al tamaño de E. johnstonei. Se eligió como tratamiento experimental el fármaco Neostigmina, un inhibidor de la acetilcolinesterasa de acción intermedia. Se obtuvieron pocos datos sobre el curso temporal de la amplitud del potencial de acción compuesto de músculo, por lo cual no fue posible concluir sobre la viabilidad del biomodelo en estos estudios. Es necesario realizar ajustes a la técnica empleada, para efectuar nuevas evaluaciones del curso temporal del potencial de acción, teniendo al menos 3 réplicas por tratamiento, para determinar el tiempo en el que la amplitud del potencial de acción cae en un 50%.Ítem Identificación de proteínas con actividad pla2 en el veneno de la serpiente bothrocophias myersi(Universidad Icesi, 2014-01-01) Lozano González, Tatiana; Castaño Valencia, Rafael Santiago; Asesor TesisThe Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) are part of a diverse group of enzymes that play an important role in diverse cellular and physiological processes in vertebrates. These are involved in signal transduction processes that activate different as smooth muscle contraction, activate other inflammatory cascade, while others are involved in digestive processes of vertebrate intestine lipid processed for subsequent absorption. Some organisms such as poisonous snakes (Viperidae family) present adaptations and modifications of enzymes derived from salivary glands, where they produce digestive PLA2 homologous to those produced in the pancreas that are released in the intestines of mammals vertebrates. Unlike mammals, snake PLA2 are injected into pre-dams as digestive agents swift action or are injected into potential aggressors as a defense.Ítem Traslados entre eps en Colombia: ¿Qué dicen las historias laborales de cotizantes en cinco ciudades del país?(Universidad Javeriana, 2016-01-01) Prada Ríos, Sergio IvánInsurers (hmos) argue that there is no incentive to invest in prevention activities because members can easily move to another insurance company. At the same time freedom to choose hmos is a key accountability mechanism of the Colombian Health System because citizens can leave low-quality insurers and enroll in high-quality insurers. This paper quantifies the size of the rate of transfers between hmos in the country to shed light on this debate. This study used publicly available information on affiliation histories to the health system for the last 14 years (2001-2014) for a random sample of adults between 40 and 50 in five different capital cities. The rate of enrollee transfers within a continuous enrollment period between hmo was estimated. Results showed that 56 % of enrollees had four or more enrollment periods; within the same enrollment period at least 54 % of enrollees did not transfer between hmo; in a year less than 6 % decided to transfer; there was a weak correlation between transfers and hmo service quality indicators.Ítem Encefalocele frontonasal, reporte de un caso con diagnóstico prenatal(Editorial Ciencias Medicas, 2016-01-01) Medina, María LucíaThe encephalocele is a major birth defect characterized by herniation of neural tissue and meninges through a defect in the skull, due to alterations of neural tube closure occurring in fourth week of pregnancy. Prenatal diagnosis is possible through 2D and 3D ultrasound. We report a case of anterior encephalocele, a rare disease among the defects of neural tube closure, with diagnosis by 3D and 2D ultrasonography, which was confirmed at birth by clinical findings and scan. © 2016, Editorial Ciencias Medicas. All rights reserved.